Rabu, 14 Januari 2015

TOOL STEEL (BAJA PERKAKAS)

TOOL STEEL


Tool Steel atau Baja perkakas  merupakan material dengan bahan dasar besi yang ditambah dengan paduan-paduan lainnya seperti Mangan (Mn), Silikon (Si), Tembaga (Cu), Vanadium (V),Molibdenum (Mo) dan lain sebagainya. Untuk material baja konstruksi kadar paduan kromatau aluminium maksimum 3,99%, ditambah dengan paduan lain yaitu kobalt, columbium,molybdenum, nikel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium dan elemen paduan lainnya.Secara teknis baja perkakas dan baja tahan karat termasuk ke dalam baja paduan.
Baja paduan itu sendiri dapat diartikan sebagai baja yang berisi sejumlah paduan-paduan.Baja paduan tergantung pada perlakuan panas dengan tujuan memproleh sifat mekanik yangspesifik.Baja perkakas merupakan jenis baja yang digunakan untuk membentuk material dan pemesinan sehingga di desain untuk memilkinilai kekerasan yang tinggi dan nilai ketahananaus yang tinggi. Selain tiu baja perkakas harus memilki stabilitas dimensi yang tinggi dan tidak mudah mengalamicracking .
 Baja perkakas mengandung unsurpaduan seperti : Chromium, Molybdenum, Tungsten, Mangan, dan Vanadium dalam kadar yang cukup tinggi sehingga dibutuhkan perlakukan khusus melalui prosesnya untuki mendapatkan paduankarbida yang tepat dalam matrik martensit temper disesuaikan dengan aplikasinya. Adapaun aplikasi dari baja perkakas dapat ditemukan pada peralatan pemesinan seperti alatcutting, shearing, forming, drawing, extrusion, rolling  dan battering.
Baja perkakas berdasarkan aplikasinya terbagi menjadi empat kelompok diantaranya :



         1.              Baja Perkakas Pengerjaan Dingin(Cold-Work Tool Steel)

Baja perkakas ini dapat dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok tergantung dari proses pengerasan yang terjadi :

a.Water-hardening tool steel 
• Simbol : tipe W.  
Baja karbon (1%) dengan sedikit atau tanpa penambahan unsur paduan(miasalnya V dan Cr).
• Memiliki sifat hardenability yang rendah.
• Pada rposes pengerasannya, baja karbon pada temperatur austenit di
Quench dengan media air.

b.Oil-hardening tool steel 
• Simbol : tipe O.
• Di quench dengan media oli.
• Mengandung kadar karbon antara 0,9%-1,5% dengan penambahan paduandalam jumlah kecil, misalnya W, Mn, Cr, dan Mo.
• Memiliki sifat hardenability lebih baik daripada di quench dengan air.
• Digunakan untuk  cold forming dies, blanking dies dan gages.

c.Air-hardening tool steel 
• Simbol : tipe A.
• Mengandung karbon sebesar 1% dengah paduan utamanya : Mn, Cr, dan Mo.
• Proses pengerasannya dengan pendinginan di udara terbuka.
• Memiliki sifat tahan aus dan perubahan dimensi yang kecil.

d.High carbon high chromium
• Simbil : tipe D.
• Mengandung 1-2,3% C; 12-14% Cr; dan sedikit V, Mo, W dan Co.
• Memilki sifat tahan aus yang tinggi.
• Dapat ditingkatkan kekerasannya dengan media air atau oli

      2.      Baja Perkakas pengerjaan Panas (Hot-Work Tool Steel)

a.Simbol : tipe H.
b.  Baja perkakas jenis ini digunakan untuk proses  hot working   seperti  stamping 
dan darwing 
c. Memilki sifat mekanis seperti : kekuatan tinggi, tahan aus,taoughness
tinggi, dantahan terhadap temperatur tinggi.

         3.              Baja Perkakas Kecepatan Tinggi (High Speed Tool Steel)

a.Memiliki kekerasan tinggi pada temperatur di atas 500o. 
b.Digunakan sebagai alat pemotong dengan kecepatan tinggi.
c.Memiliki ketahanan aus yang tinggi dan mampu pototng yang baik.
d.Berdasarkan elemen paduannya terbagi menjadi dua kelompok :
• Tungsten high speed steel 
(tipe T), mengandung kadar tungsten yang tinggidisertai penambahan Cr, V dan Co.
• Molybdenum steel  (tipe M), mengandung Molybdenum dengan kadar tinggiseperti penambahan W, Cr, V dan Co.

        4.              Baja Perkakas Khusus (Special Purpose Tool Steel).

Baja perkakas ini di bagi menjadi empat tipe, diantaranya :

a. Tipe S (Shock Resisting Tool Steel)
• Baja Karbom medium (0,5%C) dengan elemen paduan Si, Cr dan W.
• Sifat mekanisnya adalah kekerasan yang tinggi, tahan aus, tahan terhadapimpak.
• Diaplikasikan untuk pahat, palu, dan pisau.

b. Tipe L (Low-Alloys Tool Steel)
• Mempunyai kesamaan denganwater-hardening too steel.
• Paduan utamanaya adalahChromium
.• Digunakan untuk membuat alat yang membutuhkan ketahanan aus dan toughnessyang tinggi.

c. Tipe F (Carbon Tungsten Tool Steel)
• Baja karbon tinggi dengantungsten (W) sebagai paduannya.
• Memiliki sifat tahan aus dan abrasi.
• Digunakan untuk membuat peniti, alat pemoles dan taps.

d. Tipe P (Moulds Steel)
• Baja karbon rendah dengan paduan berupa Cr dan Ni.
• Digunakan untuk membuat  plastic mould.

  Ø  Special purpose tool steel

a. Jenis baja perkakas di luar yang disebut diatas.
b.Dibuat khusus utk menangani persyaratan istimewa pada suatu penggunaan.
c. Group L (low alloy) paduan utama Chrom, dg Vanadium, Molybden dan Nikel.
d.Group F (Carbon Tungsten) shallow hardening, water quench. Dg kadar karbon dan tungsten yang tinggi sangat tahan aus.


  Ø  Heat Treatment on Tool steel (Perlakuan Panas)

1.Tidak boleh dipanaskan terlalu cepat
2.Dilakukan pemanasan bertahap untuk menghindari timbulnya gradien temperature yang akan menibulkan tegangan.
3.Tidak dianjurkan dipanaskan pada etmperatur terlalu tinggi dan waktu tahan yang lama.
4.Perlu dicegah timbulnya dekarburasi dan scalling pada baja perkakas group tertentu.
5.Quenching dilakukan dengan media air, brine, minyak, udara atau garam cair
6.Tempering dilakukan segera setelah quenching sebelum benda kerja mencapai temperature kamar


  Ø  Persentase Karbon dalam baja perkakas

• Hardness/sharpness (high %C)
• low temperature – cold work
• high temperature – high speed
• Toughness (medium %C)
• low temperature – shock resistance
• high temperature – hot work


  Ø  Karakteristik dari Tool Steels

1. Nondeforming property
• Perkakas biasanya dikeraskan dengan laku panas
• Pada pemanasan dan pendinginan baja akanmengalami pemuaian dan penyusutan mengakibatkan perubahan bentuk dan ukuran mungkin juga terjadi distorsi atau retak
• Nondeforming property baik tidak banyak mengalami perubahan bentuk dan dimensi
• Perkakas yang kompleks atau yang mempunyai perbedaan penampang yang drastis harus mempunyai sifat nondeforming yang baik
• Biasanya air-hardening mempunyai sifat nondeforming yang baik

 2. Deep of hardening


• Perkakas sering kali memerlukan kekerasan pada seluruh penampang
• Dalamnya penetrasi kekerasan ini berkaitan dengan hardenability
• Semua unsur paduan, kecuali cobalt, menaikkan hardenability
• Bila diperlukan kekerasan sampai ke bagian dalam maka dipilih high alloy steel (deep hardening)
• Shallow hardening steel, seperti group W, group F,dan beberapa group P harus diquench dengan air

3. Toughness
• Ketangguhan didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan menahan beban tanpa menjadi patah, bukan kemampuan menyerap energi selama deformasi
• Perkakas biasanya harus kaku (rigid), tidak boleh terjadi deformasi plastic sedikitpun
• Perkakas dengan kadar karbon rendah dan medium (group S dan H) akan mempunyai ketangguhan paling baik, karenanya dikelompokkan dalam shock resisting tool steel
• Shallow hardening steel dengan inti yang tangguh dan lunak dianggap mempunyai ketangguhan baik
• Cold-work tool steel, yang kadar karbonnya tinggi, cenderung agak getas dan dikatakan ketangguhannya rendah


4. Wear resistance
• Didefiniskan sebagai ketahanan terhadap abrasi atau ketahanan terhadap kehilangan toleransi dimensi
• Dimiliki oleh semua baja perkakas tetapi ada beberapa baja perkakas yang sangat baik sifat tahan ausnya terutama yang mengandung partikel-partikel karbida yang tak larut
• Wear resistance teruatama dibutuhkan oleh perkakas potong bermata tunggal


5. Red-hardness
• Disebut juga hot-hardness, dikatakan sebagai kekerasan pada temperatur tinggi
• Red-hardness banyak berkaitan dengan ketahanan terhadap tempering pada baja
• Sifat ini diperlukan pada perkakas potong kecepatan tinggi dan perkakas untuk hot-working
• Unsur paduan carbide former, seperti chromium, tungsten, molybdenum sangat memperbaiki sifat ini
• Baja dengan kandungan unsur-unsur tersebut dalam jumlah banyak akan memiliki sifat red-hardness yang sangat baik


6. Machinability
• Kemampuan suatu bahan untuk dipotong dan menghasilkan permukaan yang halus
• Faktor yang berpengaruh: kekerasan pada kondisi anealed, strukturmikro dan banyaknya karbida
• Baja perkakas lebih sulit dimachining dibandingkan dengan baja konstruksi
• Carbon tool steel (group W) mempunyai machinability paling baik diantara baja perkakas
• Machinability dan workability menurun dengan makin tingginya kadar karbon dan paduan
• Unsur pembentuk karbida yang kuat seperti chromium, vanadium dan molybdenum membentuk sejumlah besar partikel karbida sesudah annealing sehingga baja sulit dimachining

7. Resistance to decarburization
• Keluarnya karbon dari baja yang terjadi selama baja dipanaskan (heat treatment) diatas 700 oC
• Jika terjadi decarburasi maka kekerasan yang diharapkan tidak akan tercapai


  

Baja Perkakas (Tool Steel)


Baja Perkakas adalah baja yang biasa dipergunakan untuk membuat perkakas, baik perkakas perautan (cutting) maupun perkakas pembentukan (forming)
Dikelompokkan berdasarkan:


·         Quenching media:


1.      Water hardening
2.      Oil hardening
3.      Air hardening

·         Alloy content:


1.      Carbon Tool Steel
2.      Low Alloy Tool Steel
3.      Medium Alloy Tool Steel

·         Penggunaan:


1.      Hot-work Tool Steel
2.      Shock-resisting Tool Steel
3.      High Speed Steel
4.      Cold-work Tool Steel

Sumber : Presentasi Dosen Teknik Material dan Metalurgi – ITS



KLASIFIKASI BAJA PERKAKAS
 Berikut ini adalah tujuh kelompok tersebut,beserta huruf prefiks dan uraiannya. Sedangkan dalam tabel setelahnya diperlihatkan komposisi kimia beberapa jenis baja paduan yang termasuk dalam baja perkakas.
       1.  T, M High-speed tool steels, digunakan sebagai alat potong dalam mesin-mesinpemroses. Dirancang sehingga mempunyai ketahanan tinggi terhadap aus dan tetap mempunyai kekerasan tinggi walaupun dalam keadaan panas.Kode baja perkakas dalam kelompok ini memakai prefiks T kalau mengandung Tungsten, dan memakai prefiks M kalau mengandung Molibdenum.
       2. H Hotworking tool steel, digunakan untuk aplikasi cetakan (dies) yangdioperasikan dalam keadaan panas, seperti penempaan (forging), ekstrusi,dan cetakan pada pengecoran. Prefiks H untuk hot.
     3.  D Cold-work tool steels, adalah baja untuk aplikasi cetakan (dies) yangdioperasikan dalam keadaan dingin, seperti pekerjaan pres terhadaplembaran baja, ekstrusi dingin, dan beberapa operasi penempaan (forging).Prefiks D untuk die. Kelompok ini berhubungan erat dengan kode AISI yang memnggunakan prefiks A dan O. Prefiks A untuk air hardening (pengerasanyang pendinginannya mengunakan udara, dan prefiks O untuk oil hardening(pengerasan yang pendinginannya mengunakan oli). Kelompok inimempunyai kelebihan dalam ketahanan terhadap aus, dan rendahnya distorsi.
     4. W Water hardening tool steels, mempunyai kandungan karbon yang tinggi,dengan sedikit (atau tidak ada sama sekali) elemen lain yang dipadukan. Baja kelompok ini hanya bisa diperkeras dengan cara pencelupan cepat ke dalam air. Baja jenis ini dipakai secara luas karena biayanya rendah, tapi penggunaannya terbatas hanya pada aplikasi bertemperatur rendah.Prefiks W untuk water.
       5. S Shock-resistant tool steels, ditujukan untuk aplikasi dimana diperlukankeuletan (toughness) yang tinggi, seperti pada operasi shearing pada logamlembaran, punchingdan bending.
      6.  P Mold steels, digunakan untuk aplikasi cetakan yang digunakan untuk mencetak plastik dan karet.
         7.  L Low-alloy tool steels, kelompok ini berisi bermacam baja perkakas untukaplikasi khusus.


 












TOOL STEEL (BAJA PERKAKAS)

                                                  E-BOOK

 

1.      Tool-Steel: A Concise Handbook on Tool-steel in General, Its Treatment Paperback – 27 Jan 2009

by Otto Thallner (Author)

This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curated for quality. Quality assurance was conducted on each of these books in an attempt to remove books with imperfections introduced by the digitization process. Though we have made best efforts - the books may have occasional errors that do not impede the reading experience. We believe this work is culturally important and have elected to bring the book back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide.
Product details
·         Paperback: 198 pages
·         Publisher: BiblioBazaar (27 January 2009)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1103138731
·         ISBN-13: 978-1103138739
·         Product Dimensions: 22.2 x 14.6 x 1.1 cm

2.      Tool-Steel: A Concise Handbook on Tool-steel in General, Its Treatment in the Operations of Forging, Annealing, Hardening, Tempering, Etc. Paperback – Import, 30 Oct 2007

by Otto Thallner (Author), William T. Brannt (Translator)

Product details
·         Paperback: 200 pages
·         Publisher: Kessinger Pub Co (30 October 2007)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 0548626391
·         ISBN-13: 978-0548626399
·         Product Dimensions: 22.9 x 15.2 x 1.2 cm

3.      Tool-Steel: A Concise Handbook on Tool-Steel in General, Its Treatment in the Operations of Forging, Annealing, Hardening, Temperi Paperback – Import, 26 Mar 2014

by Otto Thallner (Author)

Product Description

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Product details
·         Paperback: 244 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (26 March 2014)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1293907472
·         ISBN-13: 978-1293907474
·         Product Dimensions: 24.6 x 18.9 x 1.3 cm

4.      Heat Treatment, Selection, and Application of Tool SteelsPaperback – Import, Aug 1997

by William E Bryson (Author)

In a few short years, this has become the established reference for tool makers, heat treaters, and engineers seeking step-by-step recipes for properly heat treating a wide range of tool steels, plus practical information about machinability, shock resistance, wear, and extending tool life. Now, the completely revised and expanded second edition of this best-selling title is available. It has been extensively updated and includes the following significant additions: an entirely new chapter on the popular powdered tool steel CPM 10V; a thorough section on carburizing thoroughly describes the process and its benefits; a section on cryogenic treatment which has been completely rewritten to describe the theory and process; and a comprehensive glossary of related terms. As in the first edition, valuable tables of properties, attributes, qualities and shortcomings of popular tool steels are also included.
Product details
·         Paperback: 198 pages
·         Publisher: Carl HanserVerlag GmbH & Co (1 August 1997)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1569902380
·         ISBN-13: 978-1569902387
·         Product Dimensions: 1.9 x 15.9 x 23.5 cm

5.      Tool-Steel: A Concise Handbook on Tool-Steel in General, Its Treatment in the Operations of Forging, Annealing, Hardening, Tempering, Etc. and the Appliances Therefor Paperback – Import, 22 Oct 2010

by Thallner Otto (Author)

Product Description

The publisher of this book utilises modern printing technologies as well as photocopying processes for reprinting and preserving rare works of literature that are out-of-print or on the verge of becoming lost. This book is one such reprint. This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Product details
·         Paperback: 244 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (22 October 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1172561486
·         ISBN-13: 978-1172561483
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 1.3 x 24.6 cm

6.      Tool-Steel: A Concise Handbook on Tool-Steel in General, Its Treatment in the Operations of Forging, Annealing, Hardening, Tempering, Etc., and the Appliances Therefor Paperback – Import, 10 Jan 2010

by Otto Thallner (Author)
Product details
·         Paperback: 244 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (10 January 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1141727714
·         ISBN-13: 978-1141727711
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 1.3 x 24.6 cm

7.      The Tool Steel Guide Paperback – Import, 1 Jan 2003

by Jim Szumera (Author)
The Tool Steel Guide is an excellent aid and reference for all tool designers, tool and die makers, machinists and apprentices. It is packed with specifications, heat treatments and applications of all types of die and mold steels, as well as ideas and suggestions on how to prepare steels for machining and heat treatment. You will also find helpful information about avoidance techniques in design, finishing, grinding, electrical discharge machining and welding. This handy convenient guide will go a long way in helping you to dispel the air of mystery that for many years seems to have surrounded the selection, heat treatment and use of tool steels. Features: Easy to read and understand Explains the constitutes of all the tool steels and the benefits or reasons they are used and how they affect performance Provides information on how to choose the right tool steel for a given application Dicsusses the heat treatment process for the different groups of tool steels Addresses the proper methods for machining and grinding to avoid premature failure Includes a special section on welding procedures of tool steels.
Product details
·         Paperback: 112 pages
·         Publisher: Industrial Press Inc.,U.S. (1 January 2003)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 0831131713
·         ISBN-13: 978-0831131715
·         Product Dimensions: 1.3 x 12.1 x 17.8 cm

8.      Tool Steels, Data and Tables Appertaining to Electric Tool SteelsPaperback – Import, 15 Jun 2010

Product Description

This is an EXACT reproduction of a book published before 1923. This IS NOT an OCR'd book with strange characters, introduced typographical errors, and jumbled words. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book
Product details
·         Paperback: 38 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (15 June 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1174939737
·         ISBN-13: 978-1174939730
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 0.2 x 24.6 cm

9.      Carbon and Alloy Tool Steels: High Speed Steel Consistently Uniform Paperback – 23 Apr 2009

by Ludlum Steel Company (Author)

This is a pre-1923 historical reproduction that was curated for quality. Quality assurance was conducted on each of these books in an attempt to remove books with imperfections introduced by the digitization process. Though we have made best efforts - the books may have occasional errors that do not impede the reading experience. We believe this work is culturally important and have elected to bring the book back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide
Product details
·         Paperback: 170 pages
·         Publisher: BiblioBazaar (23 April 2009)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1110057679
·         ISBN-13: 978-1110057672
·         Product Dimensions: 14.6 x 1 x 22.2 cm

1O. Tool steels, data and tables appertaining to electric tool steelsPaperback – 31 Dec 1918

This reproduction was printed from a digital file created at the Library of Congress as part of an extensive scanning effort started with a generous donation from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. The Library is pleased to offer much of its public domain holdings free of charge online and at a modest price in this printed format.
Product details
·         Paperback: 36 pages
·         Publisher: Library of Congress (31 December 1918)
·         Language: English
·         ASIN: B003SHV77C
·         Product Dimensions: 29.2 x 19.7 x 0.2 cm

11.  High-Speed and Carbon Tool Steels: Machinery's Reference Series No. 117 (1914) Hardcover – Import, 10 Sep 2010

by The Industrial Press (Author)
Product details
·         Hardcover: 44 pages
·         Publisher: Kessinger Publishing (10 September 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1168669669
·         ISBN-13: 978-1168669667
·         Product Dimensions: 22.9 x 15.2 x 0.6 cm
12.  High Speed Tool Steel on Lathe Work Paperback – Import, 13 May 2010
by C E Hayes (Author)
Product details
·         Paperback: 144 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (13 May 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1149392711
·         ISBN-13: 978-1149392713
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 0.8 x 24.6 cm

13.  Points for Buyers and Users of Tool Steel: Being a General Review of the Main Sources of Trouble Met with by Consumers of Tool Steel, Also Containing Suggestions about How to Avoid Them ... Paperback – Import, 1 Jan 2010

by George W Alling (Author)

Product Description

This is a reproduction of a book published before 1923. This book may have occasional imperfections such as missing or blurred pages, poor pictures, errant marks, etc. that were either part of the original artifact, or were introduced by the scanning process. We believe this work is culturally important, and despite the imperfections, have elected to bring it back into print as part of our continuing commitment to the preservation of printed works worldwide. We appreciate your understanding of the imperfections in the preservation process, and hope you enjoy this valuable book.
Product details
·         Paperback: 274 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (1 January 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1141724766
·         ISBN-13: 978-1141724765
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 1.5 x 24.6 cm

14.  The Heat Treatment of Tool Steel: An Illustrated Description of the Physical Changes and Properties Induced in Tool Steel by Heating and Cooling

Operations Paperback – Import, 11 Jan 2010

by Harry Brearley (Author)


Product details

·         Paperback: 186 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (11 January 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1143007182
·         ISBN-13: 978-1143007187
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 1 x 24.6 cm

15.  High-Speed and Carbon Tool Steels Paperback – Import, 8 Sep 2010

by Anonymous (Author)

Product Description

 

The publisher of this book utilises modern printing technologies as well as photocopying processes for reprinting and preserving rare works of literature that are out-of-print or on the verge of becoming lost. This book is one such reprint.
Product details
·         Paperback: 50 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (8 September 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1171750005
·         ISBN-13: 978-1171750000
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 0.3 x 24.6 cm


16.  Tests of High-Speed Tool Steels on Cast Iron Paperback – Import, 10 Sep 2010

by L P 1858 Breckenridge (Author), Henry Bernhard Dirks (Author)

Product Description

The publisher of this book utilises modern printing technologies as well as photocopying processes for reprinting and preserving rare works of literature that are out-of-print or on the verge of becoming lost. This book is one such reprint.
Product details
·         Paperback: 64 pages
·         Publisher: Nabu Press (10 September 2010)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1172293465
·         ISBN-13: 978-1172293469
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 0.3 x 24.6 cm

17.  Points for Buyers and Users of Tool Steel; Being a General Review of the Main Sources of Trouble Met with by Consumers of Tool Steel, Also Containing Suggestions about How to Avoid Them Paperback – Import, 1 Jun 2012

by George W Alling (Author)

Product Description

 

This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text.Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book(without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated.1903 edition. Excerpt: ...the matter, if possible, but in a waysatisfactory to the customer. He was not enthusiastically received,but was shown the broken axes with the broken surfaces, showingnumerous small semicircular checks, all having their convex sidetoward the edge of the axe, all these showing black. From thesesmall checks ran other cracks that showed a slightly rusty insidesurface and some traces of salt from the bath in which the axeswere hardened. From these latter were clean, new fractures made bybreaking off the piece partly cracked off. The salesman told themanufacturer that he was wrong in his assertion that the bars ofsteel were full of N flaws, and insisted that the axe maker whowelded and forged the bits was alone responsible for them, andoffered to prove it by making as many more from the same bars. Onhis agreeing to forfeit ten dollars for every one found with a flawmade under his supervision, and with the understanding that he wasto burn the steel off the spoilt poles and use them over, he waspermitted to prove his statement. When ready for welding on the bithe took hold himself and welded up and forged into shape twenty ofthe axes with the regular man looking on, who remarked that hewould be discharged if he forged any bits at as high a heat as wasused by the salesman. Then the regular welder took hold, with theinstructions to follow the directions of the salesman, as thesalesman was not dressed for the work, and had burnt a new suit ofclothes badly, nearly ruining them. The twenty-first axe waswithdrawn from the fire and partly welded and forged before thesalesman observed that it was at a heat below what it should havebeen. 
Product details
·         Paperback: 52 pages
·         Publisher: Rarebooksclub.com (1 June 2012)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 1236517954
·         ISBN-13: 978-1236517951
·         Product Dimensions: 18.9 x 0.3 x 24.6 cm

18.  Distortion in Tool Steels Hardcover – Import, 23 Mar 2013

by Bernard Samuel Lement (Author)
Product details
·         Hardcover: 182 pages
·         Publisher: Literary Licensing, LLC (23 March 2013)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 125863211X
·         ISBN-13: 978-1258632113
·         Product Dimensions: 15.2 x 1.1 x 22.9 cm


19.  High-Speed and Carbon Tool Steels Paperback – Import, 10 Jan 2012

by Hardpress (Compiler)

Product Description

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etcWe have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.
Product details
·         Paperback: 54 pages
·         Publisher: Hardpress Publishing (10 January 2012)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 129005522X
·         ISBN-13: 978-1290055222
·         Product Dimensions: 15.2 x 0.3 x 22.9 cm


20.  Lifetime Controlling Defects in Tool Steels (Springer Theses)Hardcover – Import, 12 Aug 2011

by Christian Rudolf Sohar (Author)

In this thesis Christian Sohar describes his investigation into the gigacycle fatigue behavior of tool steels. In an interdisciplinary approach he uses knowledge and methods from a wide variety of disciplines including materials science, metallurgy, chemistry, physics and mechanical engineering. Christian gives a general introduction into steel tools and fatigue in materials. Later he extensively discusses the experimental techniques and results. Indeed it is the detail of the content in this thesis which makes it an invaluable resource for students entering the field and scientists working in related disciplines. Overall, the thesis helps us understand more about the mechanical behavior of metallic materials with complex microstructure and high hardness.

Product details
·         Hardcover: 224 pages
·         Publisher: Springer; 2011 edition (12 August 2011)
·         Language: English
·         ISBN-10: 3642216455
·         ISBN-13: 978-3642216459
·         Product Dimensions: 15.5 x 1.8 x 23.5 cm